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In complex situations with risks of critical irreversibility, decision-makers must be able to take action quickly but also appropriately,especially in response to unexpected events. In these situations, “the firsterror in the trial-and-error-learning will also be the last trial” (Weick &Sutcliffe, 2011: 20). This paper assesses the contribution of the meta ruleconcept, defined as the conditions to respect to maintain the integrity of theorganization in an unexpected situation. Our design tests the relevance oftwo conceptual approaches: high reliability organizations (HRO) andsensemaking approaches. The main proposal of this research is tohighlight that, for a decision-maker, understanding a situation through metarules at key times limits the risk of information overload by facilitating anoverall understanding of the situation. It becomes possible to makedecisions quickly, if necessary, using new robust and reliable strategies.Using a quantitative study of the behaviors of a warship bridge teamcomposed of cadets in the French Naval Academy, the authors testedvarious situations that young officers have to manage. The resultshighlighted that meta rules play a positive mediating effect between rulesand reliability and between interactions and reliability. With the use of metarules, the overall reliability level is higher when employing an HROapproach than when using a sensemaking approach.

Decision-making in complex environments under time pressure and risk of critical irreversibility: The role of meta rules