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In this paper, we analyse the relationship between slavery and the construction of political citizenship during the revolution of Rio de la Plata (1810-1820), based on the symbolic figure of the freedman (liberto). Therefore, we test the following hypothesis: revolutionary citizenship created a form of freedom as dependence. This contradiction in terms prompts us to understand republican freedom as a plural concept in the revolutions of the New World. Far from the dual freedman/slave concept, we explore several kinds of freedom and slavery during the first decade of the revolutionary period. The freedman (i.e. a former slave that had been freed or the free-born son of a slave) acquired a different kind of freedom, reflected in his inability to exercise the common kind of freedom due to his dependence on a patron (either an individual or the State). We combine a diachronic approach of the freedman in ancient Rome and under the Spanish monarchy with a synchronic study of this figure under the revolution of Rio de la Plata, seen through the analysis of measures for the controlled liberation of slaves; policies aimed at limiting citizenship for African descendents; freedmen serving in the army; and slaves turning to the courts to obtain freedom. Our aim is to explain the apparent contradiction between the omnipresent discourse on freedom as non-domination and continued slavery in Rio de la Plata until 1860.

Liberté et dépendance pendant la révolution du Rio de la Plata. Esclaves et affranchis dans la construction d’une citoyenneté politique (1810-1820)