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EnglishIn Ethiopia, christianism, established since the 4thcentury, does not owe anything to the European missions. Very early, Islam reached the lower and then higher territories of the Horn of Africa. A pact of nonaggression was agreed on among monotheisms, and at times was broken by some jihad(16thcentury) and by the conquests of the Negus, in particular under Menilek (1889-1913). The Ethiopian sovereigns, although Salomonian descendants, have tolerated, even in the royal family, the presence of Muslims who, until Menilek, have persecuted and expulsed the European missions. Christians, Muslims and Pagan Cults were persecuted under Mangestu. The return to religious freedom awakens rivalries between Christian allegiances. For the Ethiopian Monophysite church, the “foreign” churches threaten the unity of the country as much as the ethnofederalism. The census shows that more than 10% of the Ethiopians belong to a Protestant church. francaisEn Ethiopie, le christianisme, implante depuis le IVe siecle, ne doit rien aux mis-sions europeennes. Tres tot, l’islam a gagne les basses terres puis les hautes terres de la Corne de l’Afrique. Entre les monotheismes s’est institue un pacte de « non-agression » parfois rompu par des jihad (XVIe siecle) et par les conquetes des negus, notamment sous Menilek (1889-1913). Les souverains ethiopiens, pourtant d’ascendance salomo-nienne, ont tolere, meme dans la famille royale, la presence des musulmans alors qu’ils ont, jusqu’a Menilek, persecute et expulse les missions europeennes. Sous Mangestu, le regime persecuta les chretiens, les musulmans et les cultes paiens. Le retour a la liberte religieuse a reveille les rivalites entre les obediences chretiennes. Pour l’Eglise ethiopienne monophysite, les Eglises « etrangeres » menacent l’unite du pays au meme titre que l’ethnofederalisme. Le recensement revele que, desormais, plus de 10 % des Ethiopiens appartiennent a des Eglises « protestantes ».

Éthiopie : la croix contre la croix