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In the advancing legal recognition of same-sex partnership, access to forms of parenting are often among the most controversial ones. This overview concerns the four main forms of joint legal parenting. Other forms of parenting have been left out of this overview, because of a lack of information regarding many countries. These other forms, not covered here, include individual adoption plus forms of de facto parenting (fostering, insemination, surrogacy). The European Court of Human Rights has ruled that the French policy not to allow individual adoption by a gay or lesbian person amounts to a violation of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR 22 January 2008, E.R. v. France, Application no 43546/02). This ruling also affects other countries that do allow individual adoption. In most countries, however, individual adoption (also when a heterosexual person is involved) does not happen frequently, or is not possible at all. European countries without any known form of joint legal parenting available to same-sex couples have not been listed in this chart. These other countries can be divided into two groups: Countries that do recognise same-sex partnership, but that do not extend this recognition to any form of joint legal parenting: Andorra, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Luxembourg, Portugal, Slovenia and Switzerland; Countries with virtually no legal recognition of same-sex partnership: Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and the remainder of Eastern and South Eastern Europe.

Overview of Forms of Joint Legal Parenting Available to Same-Sex Couples in European Countries