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Fotolaimus   cavus    sp. nov.  was described from a submarine anchialine cave called Akuma-no-yakata on the Shimoji Island, Miyako Island Group, Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan. This is the first free-living marine nematode isolated from a submarine cave in Japan, and the third species of the genus    Fotolaimus   . This new species differs from its congeners by its small body size, wide amphids, long buccal cavity, long conico-cylindrical tail, and proximally curved gubernaculum. We provide amended dichotomous keys to genera in the subfamily   Oncholaiminae   and species in    Fotolaimus   . We also analyzed partial DNA sequences encoding ribosomal small subunit RNA and cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit I from    Fotolaimus   cavus    sp. nov.  and six other species of   Oncholaimidae   collected from Japanese waters. The phylogenetic tree based on the ribosomal small subunit RNA sequences using maximum likelihood analysis suggested a close relationship between    Fotolaimus    and    Wiesoncholaimus    as well as    Oncholaimus   . The topology of the tree was similar to those from previous studies; however, it suggested a new phylogenetic position of    Adoncholaimus    as a sister clade for    Viscosia    and    Oncholaimus   .

zoosystematics and evolution

A new species of free-living marine nematode,    Fotolaimus   cavus    sp. nov. (  Nematoda  ,   Oncholaimida  ,   Oncholaimidae  ), isolated from a submarine anchialine cave in the Ryukyu Islands, southwestern Japan