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The common Asian toad    Duttaphrynus   melanostictus    (Schneider, 1799) complex has a wide distribution ranging from western foothills of the Himalaya to the easternmost range of the Wallacea, with the evidence of human-mediated introductions to some other areas. In the entire distribution range, the complex is formed by several evolutionary clades, distributed mostly in South-East Asia with unresolved taxonomy. In the northwestern edge of its distribution (Pakistan), the name    D.   melanostictus   hazarensis    (Khan, 2001) has been assigned to local populations but its biological basis remained, so far, understudied and unvalidated. Therefore, we re-evaluated the available genetic data (mitochondrial and nuclear) to show the relationships between Pakistani populations (including the type locality of    D.   m.   hazarensis   ) and others from across the range. Our results showed that Pakistani populations are associated with one, deeply diverged, well-supported and widely distributed clade (so-called    Duttaphrynus    sp. 1 according to  16S , or clade B based on  tRNAGly-ND3 ), that has already been detected in previous studies. This clade is further distributed in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Singapore, and Indonesia and is characterized by a low level of genetic variability. This further suggests that both natural, as well as potential human-mediated dispersal, might have played an important role in setting up the current phylogeographic and distribution pattern of this clade. The clade is deeply divergent from other clades of the complex and represents a taxonomically unresolved entity. We here argue that the clade    Duttaphrynus    sp. 1/B represents a distinct species for which the name    Duttaphrynus   bengalensis    (  Daudin  , 1802)  comb. nov.  is applicable, while the description of    D.   m.   hazarensis    does not satisfy the rules of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature.

zoosystematics and evolution

On the edge of the Shivaliks: An insight into the origin and taxonomic position of Pakistani toads from the    Duttaphrynus   melanostictus    complex (  Amphibia  ,   Bufonidae  )