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Uncovering the systematics of   Copepoda    Harpacticoida  , the second-most abundant component of the meiobenthos after   Nematoda  , is of major importance for any further research dedicated especially to ecological and biogeographical approaches. Based on the evolution of the podogennontan first swimming leg, a new phylogenetic concept of the   Ancorabolidae   Sars and   Cletodidae   T. Scott sensu Por (  Copepoda  ,   Harpacticoida  ) is presented, using morphological characteristics. It confirms the polyphyletic status of the   Ancorabolidae   and its subfamily   Ancorabolinae   Sars and the paraphyletic status of the subfamily   Laophontodinae   Lang. Moreover, it clarifies the phylogenetic relationships of the so far assigned members of the family. An exhaustive phylogenetic analysis was undertaken using 150 morphological characters, resulting in the establishment of a now well-justified monophylum   Ancorabolidae  . In that context, the    Ancorabolus   -lineage sensu Conroy-Dalton and Huys is elevated to sub-family rank. Furthermore, the membership of    Ancorabolina    George in a rearranged monophylum   Laophontodinae   is confirmed. Conversely, the    Ceratonotus   -group sensu Conroy-Dalton is transferred from the hitherto   Ancorabolinae   to the   Cletodidae  . Within these, the    Ceratonotus   -group and its hypothesised sister-group    Cletodes    Brady are combined to form a monophyletic subfamily   Cletodinae   T. Scott,  subfam. nov.  Consequently, it was necessary to restructure the   Ancorabolidae  ,   Ancorabolinae   and   Laophontodinae   and extend the   Cletodidae   to include the displacement and exclusion of certain taxa. Moreover, comparison of the   Ancorabolidae  ,   Cletodidae  ,   Laophontoidea   and other   Podogennonta   shows that the   Ancorabolidae   and   Cletodidae   form sister-groups in a monophylum   Cletodoidea   Bowman and Abele, which similarly has a sister-group-relationship with the   Laophontoidea   T. Scott. According to the present study, both taxa constitute a derived monophylum within the   Podogennonta   Lang.

zoosystematics and evolution

Restructuring the   Ancorabolidae   Sars (  Copepoda  ,   Harpacticoida  ) and   Cletodidae   T. Scott, with a new phylogenetic hypothesis regarding the relationships of the   Laophontoidea   T. Scott,   Ancorabolidae   and   Cletodidae