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On a recent expedition to eastern Madagascar, we discovered a distinct new species of the genus    Calumma    that we describe here using an integrative approach combining morphology, coloration, osteology and molecular genetics.    Calumma   roaloko    sp. n.  has a dermal rostral appendage and occipital lobes, and belongs to the    C.   boettgeri    complex, within the Madagascar-endemic phenetic    C.   nasutum    species group. It is readily distinguished from other species of the    C.   boettgeri    complex by a characteristic two-toned body coloration and small body size with a snout-vent length of 45.6 mm in an adult male. The osteology of the skull, with a prominent maxilla and broad parietal, is similar to the closest related species,    C.   uetzi   . Analysis of uncorrected genetic distances within the    C.   nasutum    group using the mitochondrial gene ND2 shows a minimum pairwise distance of 11.98% to    C.   uetzi    from the Sorata massif and Marojejy National Park &gt;500 km north of the type locality of    C.   roaloko    sp. n. . Given an apparently small range (potentially &lt;300 km 2 ), located entirely outside of any nationally-protected areas, we recommend this new species be classified as Endangered under criterion B1ab(iii) of the IUCN Red List. The discovery of clearly distinct species like    C.   roaloko    sp. n.  in an area of Madagascar that is comparatively thoroughly surveyed highlights the critical role of continued field surveys for understanding the true extent of Madagascar’s spectacular biodiversity.

zoosystematics and evolution

The smallest ‘true chameleon’ from Madagascar: a new, distinctly colored species of the    Calumma   boettgeri    complex (  Squamata  ,   Chamaeleonidae  )