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High Andean environments of central Chile (32°–38°S) are inhabited by several endemic species of the genus    Alsodes   . Two of them,    A.   pehuenche    and    A.   hugoi   , have geographic distributions restricted to their type locality and surroundings. The Chilean government classifies    A.   pehuenche    as Critically Endangered (like the IUCN) and    A.   hugoi    as Vulnerable. In this study we report 16 new localities of    Alsodes   , corresponding to first order streams, located in the Andes of Chile between 35°58’ and 36°32’S (1800–2470 m). In some of these sites, adults and juveniles morphologically similar to    A.   pehuenche    and    A.   hugoi    were observed, as well as specimens of    Alsodes    that could not be identified by their external morphology. A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis with mitochondrial sequences (cytochrome b) was performed to identify the new populations to species level. All populations around 36°S belong to    A.   pehuenche   , while most of those located south of that area would be    A.   hugoi   . The exception is Cajón de Plaza (36°23’S), where specimens with sequences of    A.   hugoi    or    A.   pehuenche    coexist, whose taxonomic status could not be determined. These findings imply not only a westward range extension of    A.   pehuenche    in Chile of about 14.5 km and of    A.   hugoi    about 100 km southward, but also that practically all the first order streams of the Andes of central Chile would be inhabited by populations of    Alsodes   . Both results demonstrate the scarce biogeographic knowledge of the genus in the Andes, which has important implications for its conservation at local and species levels.

zoosystematics and evolution

New populations of two threatened species of    Alsodes    (  Anura  ,   Alsodidae  ) reveal the scarce biogeographic knowledge of the genus in the Andes of central Chile