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The systematics of the cophyline microhylid frog genera    Plethodontohyla    and    Rhombophryne    have long been intertwined, and their relationships have only recently started to become clear. While    Rhombophryne    has received a lot of recent taxonomic attention,    Plethodontohyla    has been largely neglected. Our study is a showcase of just how complex the taxonomic situation between these two genera is, and the care that must be taken to resolve taxonomic conundrums where old material, multiple genus transitions, and misattribution of new material obfuscate the picture. We assessed the identity of the historic names    Dyscophus   alluaudi    (currently in the genus    Rhombophryne   ),    Phrynocara   laeve    and    Plethodontohyla   laevis   tsianovohensis    (both synonyms of    Rhombophryne   alluaudi   ) based on an integrative taxonomic approach harnessing genetics, external morphology, osteological data obtained via micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) and bioacoustics. We show that (1) the holotype of    Dyscophus   alluaudi    is a member of the genus    Plethodontohyla   ; (2) the    Rhombophryne    specimens from central Madagascar currently assigned to    Rhombophryne   alluaudi    have no affinity with that species, and are instead an undescribed species; and (3)    Phrynocara   laeve    and    Dyscophus   alluaudi    are not synonymous, but represent closely related species, whereas    Plethodontohyla   laevis   tsianovohensis    is tentatively confirmed as synonym of    D.   alluaudi   . We resurrect and re-describe    Plethodontohyla   laevis   , and re-allocate and re-describe    Plethodontohyla   alluaudi    on the basis of new and historic material.

zoosystematics and evolution

Resurrection and re-description of    Plethodontohyla   laevis    (Boettger, 1913) and transfer of    Rhombophryne   alluaudi    (Mocquard, 1901) to the genus    Plethodontohyla    (  Amphibia  ,   Microhylidae  ,   Cophylinae  )