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We describe a new species from the cophyline microhylid genus    Rhombophryne   , a group of fossorial and terrestrial frogs endemic to Madagascar. Found during herpetofaunal surveys of moist montane forest in the remote north of Ranomafana National Park,    Rhombophryne   nilevina    sp. n.  exemplifies two difficulties that hinder taxonomic progress in Malagasy cophyline frogs: micro-endemicity and highly secretive habits. Known from only two adult male specimens, this new species is nonetheless easily distinguishable from all other known    Rhombophryne    using morphological data, and osteological data collected here via X-ray Micro-Computed Tomography, or “ micro-CT ”. This species is now the largest known    Rhombophryne   , and the only one known from Ranomafana National Park, which will make it the southern-most member of the genus pending a forthcoming taxonomic revision involving    Plethodontohyla    and    Rhombophryne   . Pairwise distances of the mitochondrial 16s rRNA marker show a minimum genetic distance of 4.9% from other nominal    Rhombophryne   . We also describe recordings of an advertisement call, emitted from a burrow by the holotype.    Rhombophryne   nilevina    sp. n.  is not known to be found syntopically with other    Rhombophryne   , nor to be present elsewhere in Ranomafana National Park, but it probably does co-occur with a few ecologically similar    Plethodontohyla    species. Although the type locality is within a protected area, we suggest an  IUCN  listing of Data Deficient for    R.   nilevina    sp. n. , as its area of occupancy is largely undetermined within the park.

Diamond in the rough: a new species of fossorial diamond frog ( Rhombophryne ) from Ranomafana National Park, southeastern Madagascar