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The giant deep-sea oyster    Neopycnodonte   zibrowii    Gofas, C. Salas &amp; Taviani, 2009 is a keystone deep-sea habitat builder species. Discovered about fifteen years ago in the Azores, it has been described and assigned to the genus    Neopycnodonte    Fischer von Waldheim, 1835 based on morphological features. In this study, we generated DNA sequence data for both mitochondrial ( COI  and  16S ) and nuclear ( ITS2  and  28S ) markers based on the holotype specimen of    N.   zibrowii    to establish a molecular phylogenetic framework for the systematic assessment of this species and to provide a reliable (i.e., holotype-based) reference sequence set for multilocus DNA barcoding approaches. Molecular data provide compelling evidence that the giant deep-sea oyster is a distinct species, rather than a deep-water ecophenotype of    Neopycnodonte   cochlear    (Poli, 1795), with extremely high genetic divergence from any other gryphaeid. Multilocus phylogenetic analyses place the giant deep-sea oyster within the clade “   Neopycnodonte   /   Pycnodonte   ” with closer affinity to    N.   cochlear    rather than to    P.   taniguchii    Hayami &amp; Kase, 1992, thus supporting its assignment to the genus    Neopycnodonte   . Relationships within this clade are not well supported because mitochondrial variation is inflated by saturation that eroded phylogenetic signal, implying an old split between taxa within this clade. Finally, the set of reference barcode sequences of    N.   zibrowii    generated in this study will be useful for a wide plethora of barcoding applications in deep-sea biodiversity surveys. Molecular validation of recent records of deep-sea oysters from the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea will be crucial to clarify the distribution of    N.   zibrowii    and assess the phenotypic variation and ecology of this enigmatic species.

Molecular characterization and phylogenetic position of the giant deep-sea oyster Neopycnodonte zibrowii Gofas, Salas & Taviani, 2009