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Fimbrora    Monniot &amp; Monniot, 1991, a macrophagous ascidian genus within the family   Ascidiidae   Adams &amp; Adams, 1858, is currently monotypic, represented by    F.   calsubia    Monniot &amp; Monniot, 1991, a species previously recorded from the bottom of the South Pacific at depths of 1000–1860 m. The taxonomic status of    Fimbrora    has remained ambiguous because characteristics in its branchial papillae and neural-gland opening are incompletely known in previous studies, while these traits are essential for distinguishing other ascidiid genera. So far, no nucleotide sequence representing    F.   calsubia    is available. In this study, we collected a single specimen of    F.   calsubia    at a depth of 2027 m, about 400 km off the Pacific coast of Honshu, Japan. This is the deepest record, as well as the first report from the North Pacific, for the species. Our examination indicates that    Fimbrora    is morphologically similar to another ascidiid genus,    Psammascidia    Monniot, 1962, by having only secondary branchial papillae in the pharynx. Our phylogenetic analysis, based on the  18S  ribosomal RNA and cytochrome  c  oxidase subunit I genes, along with those of 27 ascidian species available in public databases, showed that    F.   calsubia    was more closely related to    Ascidia   zara    Oka, 1935,    Phallusia   fumigata    (Grube, 1864) and    Phallusia   mammilata    (Cuvier, 1815) than to    Ascidia   ceratodes    (Huntsman, 1912),    Ascidiella   aspersa    (Müller, 1776) and    Ascidiella   scabra    (Müller, 1776). Our results also indicated that acquisitions of macrophagous feeding by deep-sea members happened independently at least three times in the evolutionary history of the entire   Ascidiacea  .

zoosystematics and evolution

Supplemental re-description of a deep-sea ascidian,    Fimbrora   calsubia    (  Ascidiacea  ,   Enterogona  ), with an inference of its phylogenetic position