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The freshwater harpacticoid    Psammonitocrella   kumeyaayi    sp. nov.  from the Nearctic Region (California; USA) is proposed. The position of the genus within   Harpacticoida   and its relationship with the   Parastenocarididae   is discussed. The new species can be included within    Psammonitocrella    on account of a) the cylindrical furca, longer than the telson, b) the unmodified inner spine on the basis of the male first leg, c) loss of the outer spine on the second exopodal segment of the first leg, d) loss of the outer spine of the third exopodal segment of the second, third, and fourth legs, e) loss of the inner apical seta on the third exopodal segment of the second and third legs, f) transformation of the inner apical seta of the third exopodal segment of the fourth leg into a spine, and g) loss of the endopodite of the fourth leg. The new species differs remarkably from    P.   boultoni   , and    P.   longifurcata    in the loss of the outer spine of the second exopodal segment of the fourth leg, in the presence of a one-segmented fifth leg exopodite, and in the presence of an outer seta on the basis of the first and second legs. Both    Psammonitocrella    and the known species of   Parastenocarididae   have a one-segmented endopod on the fourth leg, and the endopods of the second and third legs are reduced to one or two segments.    Psammonitocrella    is currently allocated into the   Ameiridae  , and evidence suggesting a sister-group relationship with   Parastenocarididae  —both share the loss of the inner seta on the first endopodal segment of the first leg—indicates that the   Parastenocarididae   should be included into the   Ameiridae  . In an evolutionary context,   Parastenocarididae   could have evolved from a lineage of freshwater ameirids that became interstitial in continental waters and colonized aquifers and groundwaters.

zookeys

A new species of    Psammonitocrella    Huys, 2009 (  Copepoda  ,   Harpacticoida  ,   Ameiridae  ) from California (USA), with a discussion of the relationship between    Psammonitocrella    and   Parastenocarididae