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The predominantly tropical ophionine genus    Enicospilus    Stephens, 1835 is one of the largest genera of Darwin wasps (  Hymenoptera  ,   Ichneumonidae  ), with more than 700 extant species worldwide that are usually crepuscular or nocturnal and are parasitoids of   Lepidoptera   larvae. In the present study, the Japanese species of    Enicospilus    are revised using an integrative approach (combined morphology and DNA barcoding). On the basis of 3,110 specimens, 47    Enicospilus    species are recognised in Japan, eight of which are new species (   E.   acutus    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   kunigamiensis    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   limnophilus    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   matsumurai    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   pseudopuncticulatus    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   sharkeyi    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ,    E.   takakuwai    Shimizu,  sp. nov. , and    E.   unctus    Shimizu,  sp. nov. ), seven are new records from Japan (   E.   jilinensis    Tang, 1990,    E.   laqueatus    (Enderlein, 1921),    E.   multidens    Chiu, 1954,  stat. rev. ,    E.   puncticulatus    Tang, 1990,    E.   stenophleps    Cushman, 1937,    E.   vestigator    (Smith, 1858), and    E.   zeugos    Chiu, 1954,  stat. rev. ), 32 had already been recorded in Japan; three (   E.   biharensis    Townes, Townes &amp; Gupta, 1961,    E.   flavicaput    (Morley, 1912), and    E.   merdarius    (Gravenhorst, 1829)) have been erroneously recorded from Japan based on misidentifications, and four names that were previously on the Japanese list are deleted through synonymy. The following taxonomic changes are proposed:    E.   vacuus    Gauld &amp; Mitchell, 1981,  syn. nov.  (=    E.   formosensis    (Uchida, 1928));    E.   multidens    stat. rev. ;    E.   striatus    Cameron, 1899,  syn. nov.  =    E.   lineolatus    (Roman, 1913),  syn. nov.  =    E.   uniformis    Chiu, 1954,  syn. nov.  =    E.   flatus    Chiu, 1954,  syn. nov.  =    E.   gussakovskii    Viktorov, 1957,  syn. nov.  =    E.   striolatus    Townes, Townes &amp; Gupta, 1961,  syn. nov.  =    E.   unicornis    Rao &amp; Nikam, 1969,  syn. nov.  =    E.   unicornis    Rao &amp; Nikam, 1970,  syn. nov.  (=    E.   pungens    (Smith, 1874));    E.   iracundus    Chiu, 1954,  syn. nov.  (=    E.   sakaguchii    (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926));    E.   sigmatoides    Chiu, 1954,  syn. nov.  (=    E.   shikokuensis    (Uchida, 1928));    E.   yamanakai    (Uchida, 1930),  syn. nov.  (=    E.   shinkanus    (Uchida, 1928));    E.   ranunculus    Chiu, 1954,  syn. nov.  (=    E.   yezoensis    (Uchida, 1928)); and    E.   zeugos    stat. rev.  =    E.   henrytownesi    Chao &amp; Tang, 1991,  syn. nov.  In addition, the following new regional and country records are also provided:    E.   flavocephalus    (Kirby, 1900),    E.   puncticulatus   , and    E.   vestigator    from the Eastern Palaearctic region,    E.   laqueatus    from the Eastern Palaearctic and Oceanic regions, and    E.   maruyamanus    (Uchida, 1928) from the Oriental region;    E.   abdominalis    (Szépligeti, 1906) from Nepal,    E.   flavocephalus    from Laos,    E.   formosensis    from Laos and Malaysia,    E.   insinuator    (Smith, 1860) from Taiwan,    E.   maruyamanus    from India and Philippines,    E.   nigronotatus    Cameron, 1903,    E.   riukiuensis    (Matsumura &amp; Uchida, 1926), and    E.   sakaguchii    from Indonesia,    E.   pungens    from 14 countries (Australia, Bhutan, Brunei, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Nepal, New Caledonia, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, and Taiwan), and    E.   yezoensis    from South Korea. An identification key to all Japanese species of    Enicospilus    is proposed. Although 47 species are recognised in the present study, approximately 55 species could potentially be found in Japan based on ACE and Chao 1 estimators. The latitudinal diversity gradient of    Enicospilus    species richness is also tested in the Japanese archipelago based on the constructed robust taxonomic framework and extensive samples.    Enicospilus    species richness significantly increases towards the south, contrary to the ‘anomalous’ pattern of some other ichneumonid subfamilies.

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Integrative taxonomy and analysis of species richness patterns of nocturnal Darwin wasps of the genus    Enicospilus    Stephens (  Hymenoptera  ,   Ichneumonidae  ,   Ophioninae  ) in Japan