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Explorations of seamounts in the Western Pacific Ocean and South China Sea resulted in collecting 18 specimens of golden gorgonians. Based on the morphology and the genetic analysis of  mtMutS , they are described as one new species,    Chrysogorgia   carolinensis    sp. nov. , and four known species, including    Chrysogorgia   dendritica    Xu, Zhan &amp; Xu, 2020,    Metallogorgia   melanotrichos    (Wright &amp; Studer, 1889),    Metallogorgia   macrospina    Kükenthal, 1919, and    Pseudochrysogorgia   bellona    Pante &amp; France, 2010.    Chrysogorgia   carolinensis    belongs to the    Chrysogorgia    “group A, Spiculosae” with rods or spindles distributed in the polyp-body wall and tentacles, and differs from all of its congeners except    C.   dendritica    by the 1/3L branching sequence and amoeba-shaped sclerites at the basal polyp body. The  mtMutS  sequence of    C.   carolinensis    sp. nov.  has six deletion mutations compared to those of its congeners, supporting the establishment of the new species. Although no genetic variability was observed between the closely related species    C.   dendritica    and    C.   abludo    Pante &amp; Watling, 2012, the former is different from the latter by the apparently irregular sclerites in the polyp body wall. The two specimens of    Metallogorgia   melanotrichos    match well with the original description except for relatively larger polyps, while the    M.   macrospina    specimens have slightly smaller polyps than the holotype. The juvenile of    Metallogorgia    has an obvious morphological difference with the adults in the colony shape and branches, but they can be unified by the same polyps and sclerites as well as mitochondrial MutS sequences. Thus, the generic diagnosis of    Metallogorgia    is slightly extended to include the morphology of juveniles. The morphology of    Pseudochrysogorgia   bellona    Pante &amp; France, 2010, as a new record for the South China Sea, matches well with that of the original description. In the phylogenetic trees, the    Chrysogorgia    species are separated into two clades, and while    Metallogorgia    and    Pseudochrysogorgia    formed a sister clade.

zookeys

Morphology and phylogenetic analysis of five deep-sea golden gorgonians (  Cnidaria  ,   Octocorallia  ,   Chrysogorgiidae  ) in the Western Pacific Ocean, with the description of a new species