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In the present study, populations of small-sized smiliogastrin barbs with a thickened and serrated last simple dorsal-fin ray distributed in the Main Ethiopian Rift were analysed. An integrated approach combining genetic markers and a variety of morphological methods based on a wide set of characters, including osteology and sensory canals, proved to be very productive for taxonomy in this group of fishes. The results showed that Ethiopian    Enteromius    species with a serrated dorsal-fin ray are distant from the true    E.   paludinosus    (with    E.   longicauda    as a synonym) and the so-called    E.   paludinosus    complex involves several supposedly valid species with two distinct species occurring in the Main Ethiopian Rift area. A new species,    Enteromius   yardiensis    sp. nov. , is described from the Afar Depression in the north-eastern part of the Northern Main Ethiopian Rift.    Enteromius   akakianus    is resurrected as a valid species including populations from the Central Main Ethiopian Rift (basins of lakes Langano, Ziway, and Awasa). No genetic data were available for    E.   akakianus    from its type locality.    Enteromius   yardiensis    sp. nov.  is clearly distant from    E.   akakianus    from the Central Main Ethiopian Rift by  CO1  and  cytb  barcodes: pairwise distances between the new species and the Ethiopian congeners were 5.4 % to 11.0 %. Morphologically, the new species most clearly differs from all examined Ethiopian congeners by three specialisations which are unique in the group: the absence of the anterior barbel, the absence of the medial branch of the supraorbital sensory canal, and few, 1–3, commonly two, scale rows between the lateral line and the anus.

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A new species of    Enteromius    (  Actinopterygii  ,   Cyprinidae  ,   Smiliogastrinae  ) from the Awash River, Ethiopia, and the re-establishment of    E.   akakianus