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The genus    Orthomorpha    is shown to currently be represented in Vietnam by ten species or varieties, including new records of    O.   arboricola    (Attems, 1937),    O.   coarctata    (de Saussure, 1860),    O.   rotundicollis    (Attems, 1937) and    O.   scabra    Jeekel, 1964, and two new species,    O.   caramel    sp. nov.  and    O.   vietnamica    sp. nov.  A key to all eight    Orthomorpha    species and two varieties known to occur in Vietnam is provided. Although the morphological characters that have been traditionally used for    Orthomorpha    taxonomy are here considered superior to molecular ones, molecular-based phylogenetic relationships and taxon assignments within the tribe   Orthomorphini   are provisionally analyzed using fragments of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I ( COI ) mitochondrial gene. The preferred phylograms, both rooted and unrooted, demonstrate the monophyly of the tribe   Orthomorphini  , but due to the special, uncertain or even controversial position of    O.   coarctata   , which occurs closer to the genera    Antheromorpha    and    Hylomus   , the genus    Orthomorpha    in current usage appears to be polyphyletic. However, if    O.   coarctata    is to be treated within the monotypic genus    Asiomorpha   , the monophyly of    Orthomorpha    becomes manifest. On the other hand, a cautious approach is followed to avoid descriptions of suspicious new taxa/species. Thus, solely because the average genetic distance between    O.   rodundicollis   subrotundicollis    var. nov.  and    O.   rodundicollis   , as well as that between    O.   scabra   grandis    var. nov.  and    O.   scabra   , are both found to be negligibly small, the statuses of the sympatric and closest yet morphologically different varieties are treated only as such, i.e., infrasubspecific categories. The apparent discord observed between morphological and molecular data is obviously due to only partial and single-gene topologies used, possibly also to hybridization already known to occur in some closely related and sympatric paradoxosomatid species or even genera.

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Review of the millipede genus    Orthomorpha    Bollman, 1893 (  Diplopoda  ,   Polydesmida  ,   Paradoxosomatidae  ) in Vietnam, with several new records and descriptions of two new species