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The soft coral family   Xeniidae  , commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions, consists of 20 genera and 162 species. To date, few studies on this family have been conducted in Japan, especially at higher latitudes. Although molecular phylogenetic analyses have recently been used to distinguish soft coral species, it is difficult to identify species and genera in this family due to the limited taxonomic indices and high morphological variation. In this study, we found a large   Xeniidae   community off the coast of Oshima Island (  31°31.35'N, 131°24.27'E  ) at Miyazaki, Kyushu Island, located in the temperate region of Japan. The species composition and molecular phylogenetic relationships were investigated to uncover the species diversity of   Xeniidae   in this community. A total of 182 xeniid specimens were collected and identified to the species level, after which the samples were molecularly analyzed using a mitochondrial marker (ND2) and a nuclear marker (ITS) to infer the phylogenetic relationships. A total of 14 xeniid species were identified, including five undescribed species from five genera (   Anthelia   ,    Heteroxenia   ,    Sympodium   ,    Xenia   , and    Yamazatum   ). Miyazaki was identified as having the highest xeniid species diversity in Japan. The molecular phylogenetic trees inferred from each marker recovered very similar topologies: four genera (   Anthelia   ,    Heteroxenia   ,    Sympodium   , and    Yamazatum   ) were monophyletic, whereas one (   Xenia   ) was polyphyletic. Thus, except for    Xenia   , the morphological characteristics used for traditional taxonomy well reflected the phylogeny of the   Xeniidae   at the genus level. On the other hand, our results show that further taxonomic revisions of    Xenia    are needed.

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High species diversity of the soft coral family   Xeniidae   (  Octocorallia  ,   Alcyonacea  ) in the temperate region of Japan revealed by morphological and molecular analyses