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The United States Food and Drug Administration ( FDA ) has recently adopted DNA barcoding for the purpose of determining the species identity of commercial seafood products. This effort has revealed instances of incongruence between current scientifically accepted taxon names and those utilized by the seafood industry in product labelling. One such case is that of “   Portunus   haanii   ”, a name utilized by the seafood industry to label commercial products under the market name “red swimming crab.” However, carcinologists currently regard    P.   haanii    as synonym of    Portunus   gladiator    Fabricius, 1798, which itself is the subject of debate over whether it is a secondary homonym of  Cancergladiator    Fabricius, 1793. Further complicating matters, DNA barcode sequences from commercial products match GenBank sequences identified as    Portunus   pseudoargentatus    Stephenson, 1961. Here the complicated taxonomic history of the    Portunus   gladiator    complex is reviewed and a resolution proposed based on combined morphological descriptions and molecular phylogenetic analyses. It is demonstrated that, given the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and the current elevation of    Monomia    Gistel, 1848, to full genus rank, its type species,    Portunus   gladiator    Fabricius, 1798, should be treated as a valid and available taxon name. It is also shown, upon examination and comparison of types and topotypic material that    Monomia   haanii    (Stimpson, 1858) is a distinct taxon from    M.   gladiator   , and    Portunus   pseudoargentatus    Stephenson, 1961, is a junior subjective synonym of    M.   haanii    (Stimpson, 1858). Furthermore, it is shown that crab meat sold in the US currently labeled as “   Portunus   haanii   ” and/or “red swimming crab” is in fact    M.   haanii    using comparative analysis of DNA barcode sequences between museum-vouchered reference specimens, whole crabs provided directly by a seafood importer, and processed commercial products purchased at retail.

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Resolution of the    Portunus   gladiator    species complex: taxonomic status and identity of    Monomia   gladiator    (Fabricius, 1798) and    Monomia   haanii    (Stimpson, 1858) (  Brachyura  ,   Decapoda  ,   Portunidae  )