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Correct mosquito species identification is essential for mosquito and disease control programs. However, this is complicated by the difficulties in morphologically identifying some mosquito species. In this study, variation of a partial sequence of the cytochrome  c  oxidase unit I (  COI  ) gene was used for the molecular identification of British mosquito species and to facilitate the discovery of cryptic diversity, and monitoring invasive species. Three DNA extraction methods were compared to obtain DNA barcodes from adult specimens. In total, we analyzed 42 species belonging to the genera    Aedes    Meigen, 1818 (21 species),    Anopheles    Meigen, 1818 (7 species),    Coquillettidia    Theobald, 1904 (1 species),    Culex    Linnaeus, 1758 (6 species),    Culiseta    Felt, 1904 (7 species), and    Orthopodomyia    Theobald, 1904 (1 species). Intraspecific genetic divergence ranged from 0% to 5.4%, while higher interspecific divergences were identified between    Aedes   geminus    Peus, 1971/   Culiseta   litorea    (Shute, 1928) (24.6%) and    Ae.   geminus   /   An.   plumbeus    Stephens, 1828 (22.5%). Taxonomic discrepancy was shown between    An.   daciae    Linton, Nicolescu &amp; Harbach, 2004 and    An.   messeae    Falleroni, 1828 indicating the poor resolution of the   COI   DNA barcoding region in separating these taxa. Other species such as    Ae.   cantans    (Meigen, 1818)/   Ae.   annulipes    (Meigen, 1830) showed similar discrepancies indicating some limitation of this genetic marker to identify certain mosquito species. The combination of morphology and DNA barcoding is an effective approach for the identification of British mosquitoes, for invasive mosquitoes posing a threat to the UK, and for the detection of hidden diversity within species groups.

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DNA barcoding of British mosquitoes (  Diptera  ,   Culicidae  ) to support species identification, discovery of cryptic genetic diversity and monitoring invasive species