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Semi-terrestrial talitrid amphipods of the genus    Cryptorchestia    (sensu  Lowry and Fanini 2013 ) associated with freshwater-soaked leaf litter were known to occur in inland lakes of Turkey and at the shores of the Black Sea. Before 2013 they had been reported as    Orchestia   cavimana    and later as    Cryptorchestia   cavimana   . In our phylogenetic tree, inferred from a mitochondrial and nuclear gene dataset (cytochrome oxidase I ( COI ), and histone  H3  ( H3 ), respectively), we show that these Turkish populations belong to    Cryptochestia   garbinii   , a common and widespread continental species, which is closely related to    C.   cavimana    (endemic to Cyprus) and    C.   ruffoi    (endemic to Rhodes). For the Turkish and European populations of    C.   garbinii   , we found low levels of both genetic differentiation and morphological variation, and an age-related size variability (increasing at each moult) of the small lobe in the male gnathopod I merus, the main taxonomically diagnostic character for    Cryptorchestia   . A mainland (   C.   garbinii   ) versus insular isolation and in situ speciation (   C.   cavimana   , and    C.   ruffoi   ) in the two east Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Rhodes is discussed in relation to terrestrial    Cryptorchestia    species endemic to North East Atlantic volcanic islands (Azores, Canary Islands, and Madeira). The incorporation of five Mediterranean and Atlantic    Orchestia    species in the Bayesian analysis of the two genes ( COI , and  H3 ) indicated that both genera    Orchestia    and    Cryptorchestia    are not monophyletic.

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On the molecular and morphological evolution of continental and insular    Cryptorchestia    species, with an additional description of    C.   garbinii    (  Talitridae  )