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Using ribosomal (18S, ITS1, ITS2, D2-D3 expansion segments of 28S rDNA) and mitochondrial (partial  cox 1 and  nad 4) DNA markers in a study of several populations of    Xiphinema   americanum   -group from Europe and Morocco, two cryptic species    X.   browni    sp. n.  (formerly reported as    X.   pachtaicum   ) and    X.   penevi    sp. n.  were revealed. The species are described, illustrated and their phylogenetic relationships discussed. The first species is most similar to    X.   parasimile    and is a member of    X.   simile    species complex. The phylogenetic reconstructions inferred from three molecular markers (18S, D2-D3 28S rDNA and  cox 1) showed that    X.   penevi    sp. n.  is part of    X.   pachtaicum   -subgroup and is closely related to    X.   incertum   ,    X.   pachtaicum   ,    X.   parapachydermum   ,    X.   plesiopachtaicum   ,    X.   astaregiense    and    X.   pachydermum   . Also, a separate “   X.   simile   -subgroup”, outside the    X.   pachtaicum   -subgroup and so far consisting only of the parthenogenetic species    X.   simile   ,    X.   parasimile   ,    X.   browni    sp. n.  and probably    X.   vallense    was formed. New primers for amplification and sequencing of part of the  nad 4 mitochondrial gene were designed and used.

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Morphological and molecular characterisation, and phylogenetic position of    X.   browni    sp. n.,    X.   penevi    sp. n. and two known species of    Xiphinema   americanum   -group (  Nematoda  ,   Longidoridae  )