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Madagascar and its surrounding islands are among the world’s greatest biodiversity hotspots, harboring predominantly endemic and threatened communities meriting special attention from biodiversity scientists. Building on the considerable efforts in recent years to inventory the Malagasy ant fauna, the myrmicine genus    Nesomyrmex    is reviewed and (1) subdivided into four major groups based on salient morphological features corroborated by numeric morphology:angulatus   -,hafahafa   -,madecassus   - andsikorai   -groups, and (2) thehafahafa    species-group endemic to Madagascar is revised. Diversity withinhafahafa    species-group was assessed via hypothesis-free  nest-centroid-clustering  combined with  gap statistic  to assess the number of clusters and to determine the most probable boundaries between them. This combination of methods provides a highly automatized, objective species delineation protocol based on continuous morphometric data. Delimitations of clusters recognized by these exploratory analyses were tested via confirmatory Linear Discriminant Analysis. These results suggest the existence of four morphologically distinct species,    Nesomyrmex   capricornis    sp. n. ,    N.   hafahafa    sp. n. ,    N.   medusus    sp. n.  and    N.   spinosus    sp. n. ; all are described and an identification key for their worker castes using morphometric data is provided. Two members of the newly outlinedhafahafa    species-group,    N.   hafahafa    sp. n. ,    N.   medusus    sp. n. , are distributed along the southeastern coast Madagascar and occupy rather large ranges, but two other species,    N.   capricornis    sp. n.  and    N.   spinosus    sp. n. , are only known to occur in small and isolated forest, highlighting the importance of small forest patches for conserving arthropod diversity.

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Diagnostic survey of Malagasy    Nesomyrmex    species-groups and revision of      hafahafa    group species via morphology based cluster delimitation protocol