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Palaemon   carteri    (Gordon, 1935) and    P.   ivonicus    (Holthuis, 1950) are morphologically similar species of South American freshwater shrimps. Past studies have questioned the taxonomic status of both species, which are supposed to have partially sympatric geographic distributions in the Amazon basin. We analyzed a 550 bp fragment of the mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene from these Amazonian    Palaemon    species as well as from 11 palaemonids as the outgroup. Additionally, we checked diagnostic characters of the genus and family as well as other morphological characters that have been little explored before.    Palaemon   carteri    and    P.   ivonicus    are allocated in two sister lineages, with wide genetic divergence and little morphological differentiation. The divergence time between these lineages was estimated as approximately 10 million years ago. Both molecular and morphological data support the taxonomic validity of both    Palaemon   carteri    and    P.   ivonicus   , refuting the hypothesis of synonymy. In addition, a new species,    Palaemon   yuna    sp. n. , closely related to    P.   ivonicus   , is described. Our findings indicate that these species can be differentiated using the projection of the anterolateral margin and anterolateral spine of the first antennular segment, shape of the rostrum, and relative size of the appendix masculina.

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Molecular and morphological differentiation between two Miocene-divergent lineages of Amazonian shrimps, with the description of a new species (  Decapoda  ,   Palaemonidae  ,    Palaemon   )