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Coexistence of closely related species may be promoted by niche differentiation or result from interspecific trade-offs in life history and ecological traits that influence relative fitness differences and contribute to competitive inequalities. Although insufficient to prove coexistence, trait comparisons provide a first step to identify functional differences between co-occurring congeneric species in relation to mechanisms of coexistence. Here, a comparative review on life history and ecological traits is presented for two pairs of co-occurring species of spiny lobsters in the genus    Panulirus   :    P.   gracilis    and    P.   inflatus    from the Eastern Central Pacific region, and    P.   argus    and    P.   guttatus    from the Caribbean region.    Panulirus   gracilis    and    P.   inflatus    have similar larval, postlarval, and adult sizes and a similar diet, but differ in degree of habitat specialization, fecundity, and growth rate. However, little is known on behavioral traits of these two species that may influence their competitive abilities and susceptibility to predators. The more abundant information on    P.   argus    and    P.   guttatus    shows that these two species differ more broadly in degree of habitat specialization, larval, postlarval and adult sizes, diet, fecundity, growth rate, degree of sociality, defense mechanisms, susceptibility to predators, and chemical ecology, suggesting a greater degree of niche differentiation between    P.   argus    and    P.   guttatus    than between    P.   gracilis    and    P.   inflatus   . Whether the substantial niche differentiation and apparent interspecific trade-offs between    P.   argus    and    P.   guttatus    relative to    P.   gracilis    and    P.   inflatus    reflect an earlier divergence of the former pair of species in the evolution of the genus constitutes an intriguing hypothesis. However, whether or not post-divergence evolution of each species pair occurred in sympatry remains uncertain.

Differences in life-history and ecological traits between co-occurring Panulirus spiny lobsters ( Decapoda , Palinuridae )