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Sexual dimorphism in body size and weaponry was examined in two    Cinetorhynchus    shrimp species in order to formulate hypotheses on their sexual and mating systems. Collections of    C.    sp. A and    C.    sp. B were made in March, 2011 on Coconut Island, Hawaii, by hand dipnetting and minnow traps in coral rubble bottom in shallow water. Although there is overlap in male and female size, some males are much larger than females. The major (pereopod 1) chelipeds of males are significantly larger and longer than those of females. In these two    Cinetorhynchus    species, males and females have third maxillipeds of similar relative size, i.e., those of males are not hypertrophied and probably not used as spear-like weapons as in some other rhynchocinetid (   Rhynchocinetes   ) species. Major chelae of males vary with size, changing from typical female-like chelae tipped with black corneous stout setae to subchelate or prehensile appendages in larger males. Puncture wounds or regenerating major chelipeds were observed in 26.1 % of males examined ( N  = 38 including both species). We interpret this evidence on sexual dimorphism as an indication of a temporary male mate guarding or “neighborhoods of dominance” mating system, in which larger dominant robustus males defend females and have greater mating success than smaller males. Fecundity of females increased with female size, as in most caridean species (500–800 in    C.    sp. A; 300–3800 in    C.    sp. B). Based on the sample examined, we conclude that these two species have a gonochoric sexual system (separate sexes) like most but not all other rhynchocinetid species in which the sexual system has been investigated.

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Inferences on mating and sexual systems of two Pacific    Cinetorhynchus    shrimps (  Decapoda  ,   Rhynchocinetidae  ) based on sexual dimorphism in body size and cheliped weaponry