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tudies of mitochondrial genomes have a wide range of applications in phylogeny, population genetics, and evolutionary biology. In this study, we sequenced and analyzed the mitochondrial genome of    Ooencyrtus   plautus    Huang &amp; Noyes, 1994 (  Hymenoptera  ,   Encyrtidae  ). The nearly complete mitogenome of    O.   plautus    was 15,730 bp in size, including 13  PCGs  (protein-coding genes), 22 tRNAs, 2 rRNAs, and a nearly complete control region. The nucleotide composition was significantly biased toward adenine and thymine, with an A + T content of 84.6%. We used the reference sequence of    Chouioia   cunea    and calculated the Ka/Ks ratio for each set of  PCGs . The highest value of the Ka/Ks ratio within 13  PCGs  was found in  nad2  with 1.1, suggesting that they were subjected to positive selection. This phenomenon was first discovered in   Encyrtidae  . Compared with other encyrtid mitogenomes, a translocation of  trnW  was found in    O.   plautus   , which was the first of its kind to be reported in   Encyrtidae  . Comparing with ancestral arrangement pattern, wasps reflect extensive gene rearrangements. Although these insects have a high frequency of gene rearrangement, species from the same family and genus tend to have similar gene sequences. As the number of sequenced mitochondrial genomes in   Chalcidoidea   increases, we summarize some of the rules of gene rearrangement in   Chalcidoidea  , that is four gene clusters with frequent gene rearrangements. Ten mitogenomes were included to reconstruct the phylogenetic trees of   Encyrtidae   based on both 13  PCGs  (nucleotides of protein coding genes) and AA matrix (amino acids of protein coding genes) using the maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference methods. The phylogenetic tree reconstructed by Bayesian inference based on AA data set showed that    Aenasius   arizonensis    and    Metaphycus   eriococci    formed a clade representing   Tetracneminae  . The remaining six species formed a monophyletic clade representing   Encyrtinae  . In   Encyrtinae  ,    Encyrtus    forms a monophyletic clade as a sister group to the clade formed by    O.   plautus    and    Diaphorencyrtus   aligarhensis  .   Encyrtus   sasakii    and    Encyrtus   rhodooccisiae    were most closely related species in this monophyletic clade. In addition, gene rearrangements can provide a valuable information for molecular phylogenetic reconstruction. These results enhance our understanding of phylogenetic relationships among   Encyrtidae  .

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﻿Novel gene rearrangement pattern in mitochondrial genome of    Ooencyrtus   plautus    Huang &amp; Noyes, 1994: new gene order in   Encyrtidae   (  Hymenoptera  ,   Chalcidoidea  )

﻿Novel gene rearrangement pattern in mitochondrial genome of Ooencyrtus plautus Huang & Noyes, 1994: new gene order in Encyrtidae ( Hymenoptera , Chalcidoidea )

Novel gene rearrangement pattern in mitochondrial genome of Ooencyrtus plautus Huang & Noyes, 1994: new gene order in Encyrtidae ( Hymenoptera , Chalcidoidea )