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Hypochilus    is a relictual lineage of Nearctic spiders distributed disjunctly across the United States in three montane regions (California, southern Rocky Mountains, southern Appalachia). Phylogenetic resolution of species relationships in    Hypochilus    has been challenging, and conserved morphology coupled with extreme genetic divergence has led to uncertain species limits in some complexes. Here,    Hypochilus    interspecies relationships have been reconstructed and cryptic speciation more critically evaluated using a combination of ultraconserved elements, mitochondrial  CO1  by-catch, and morphology. Phylogenomic data strongly support the monophyly of regional clades and support a ((California, Appalachia), southern Rocky Mountains) topology. In Appalachia, five species are resolved as four lineages (   H.   thorelli    Marx, 1888 and    H.   coylei    Platnick, 1987 are clearly sister taxa), but the interrelationships of these four lineages remain unresolved. The Appalachian species    H.   pococki    Platnick, 1987 is recovered as monophyletic but is highly genetically structured at the nuclear level. While algorithmic analyses of nuclear data indicate many species (e.g., all    H.   pococki    populations as species), male morphology instead reveals striking stasis. Within the California clade, nuclear and mitochondrial lineages of    H.   petrunkevitchi    Gertsch, 1958 correspond directly to drainage basins of the southern Sierra Nevada, with    H.   bernardino    Catley, 1994 nested within    H.   petrunkevitchi    and sister to the southernmost basin populations. Combining nuclear, mitochondrial, geographical, and morphological evidence a new species from the Tule River and Cedar Creek drainages is described,    Hypochilus   xomote    sp. nov.  We also emphasize the conservation issues that face several microendemic, habitat-specialized species in this remarkable genus.

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﻿Phylogenomics of paleoendemic lampshade spiders (  Araneae  ,   Hypochilidae  ,    Hypochilus   ), with the description of a new species from montane California

﻿Phylogenomics of paleoendemic lampshade spiders ( Araneae , Hypochilidae , Hypochilus ), with the description of a new species from montane California

Phylogenomics of paleoendemic lampshade spiders ( Araneae , Hypochilidae , Hypochilus ), with the description of a new species from montane California