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By studying ecomorophology in the context of phylogeny, researchers can parse out similarity due to common ancestry versus that due to convergence. This is especially true among relatively closely related species where both phylogenetic and environmental constraints may be operating simultaneously. We explored these issues among three karst-associated species from two lineages of    Cyrtodactylus   —thesworderi    group from Peninsular Malaysia and the swamp clade from Peninsular Malaysia and western Indonesia of theagamensis    group. A stochastic character mapping analysis using five different habitat preferences corroborated a larger previous analysis in recovering a general habitat preference as an ancestral condition for all habitat preferences and a karst habitat preference in    C.   guakanthanensis    and    C.   gunungsenyumensis    of thesworderi    group and    C.   metropolis    of the swamp clade as convergently evolved. Multivariate and univariate analyses of 10 morphometric characters revealed that the ecomorphological similarity between    C.   guakanthanensis    and    C.   gunungsenyumensis    of thesworderi    group was also convergent. The ecomorphology of    C.   metropolis    of the swamp clade was intermediate between a karst-adapted ecomorphology and a swamp-generalists ecomorphology. Of the 10 morphometric characters employed in this analysis, only three—head length, head width, and forelimb width—showed any signs of phylogenetic signal.    Cyrtodactylus   metropolis    is hypothesized to be a recently refuged swamp-dwelling species that frequented the Batu Caves environments prior to urbanization of the surrounding swamp habitat to which it is now confined.

vertebrate zoology

Convergent evolution of karst habitat preference and its ecomorphological correlation in three species of Bent-toed Geckos (   Cyrtodactylus   ) from Peninsular Malaysia