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A revision of the 45 species of the pantropical genus    Xylopia    in Tropical Africa includes descriptions of six new species and a new section of the genus. The fruits and seeds of    Xylopia    show specializations that promote vertebrate dispersal, primarily by hornbills and monkeys. Over half of the African species have an Area of Occupancy ( AOO ) less than 80 km 2 , suggesting that they are in need of protection. African species are classified into five sections. Section   Neoxylopia   , with four species, is centered in the Guineo-Congolian Region and includes    X.   globosa    sp. nov.  Section   Ancistropetala  , with three species, occurs in the same region. Both of these sections are endemic to Africa. Section   Xylopia  , which extends to Madagascar and the American tropics, has only a single species in Africa,    X.   aethiopica   . The three species of section   Verdcourtia   sect. nov.  are restricted to the East African coast and Madagascar. The largest number of African species, (34) belong to section   Stenoxylopia  , in which the seeds lack the arils found in the other sections and instead have a fleshy sarcotesta. Section   Stenoxylopia   is divided into two informal groups, one centered in eastern and southern Africa (   X.   odoratissima    group) and the other centered in the wetter forests of western and central Africa (   X.   acutiflora    group). Five new species are described in section   Stenoxylopia  :    Xylopia   nilotica    sp. nov.  from Sudan, South Sudan, and Uganda,    Xylopia   calva    sp. nov.  from Nigeria and Cameroon, which is allied to    X.   phloiodora   , and    Xylopia   monticola    sp. nov.  from Nigeria and Cameroon,    X.   piratae    sp. nov.  from Ivory Coast and Ghana, and    X.   unguiculata    sp. nov.  from Gabon. The latter three species are segregates of the former    Xylopia   acutiflora    s. l. One new combination is made at the species level,    X.   shirensis    comb. nov.  Keys, descriptions, illustrations, distribution maps, and an index to numbered collections document diversity and assist with species identification. The name    Unona   oliveriana    Baill. was found to pre-date the name    Unona   lepidota    Oliv., requiring the combination    Meiocarpidium   oliverianum    comb. nov.

A revision of Xylopia L. ( Annonaceae ): the species of Tropical Africa