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The taxonomy of perennial    Sesuvium    species in Africa has been poorly investigated until now. Previously five perennial species of    Sesuvium    were recognised in Africa (   S.   congense   ,    S.   crithmoides   ,    S.   mesembryanthemoides  ,   S.   portulacastrum   , and    S.   sesuvioides   ). Based on the differing number of stamens,    S.   ayresii    is accepted here as being distinct from    S.   portulacastrum   . Field observations in Angola also led the authors to conclude that    S.   crystallinum    and    S.   mesembryanthemoides    are conspecific with    S.   crithmoides   . A new subspecies,   Sesuvium   portulacastrum   subsp.   persoonii  , is described from West Africa (Cape Verde, Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Senegal). The molecular phylogeny indicates the position of   S.   portulacastrum   subsp.   persoonii   within the “American lineage” as a part of the    Sesuvium   portulacastrum    complex which needs further studies. A diagnostic key and taxonomic notes are provided for the six perennial species of    Sesuvium    found in Africa and recognised by the authors (   S.   ayresii   ,    S.   congense   ,    S.   crithmoides   ,   S.   portulacastrum   subsp.   portulacastrum  ,   S.   portulacastrum   subsp.   persoonii  ,    S.   verrucosum    and the facultatively short-lived    S.   sesuvioides   ). The distribution of    S.   crithmoides   , previously considered to be endemic to Angola, is now confirmed for the seashores of Republic of Congo and DR Congo. The American species    S.   verrucosum    is reported for the first time for Africa (the Macaronesian islands: Cape Verde and the Canaries). It is locally naturalised in Gran Canaria, being a potentially invasive species. These findings as well as new records of    S.   verrucosum    from Asia and the Pacific Islands confirm its proneness to transcontinental introduction. Lectotypes of    S.   brevifolium   ,    S.   crithmoides   ,    S.   crystallinum    and    S.   mesembryanthemoides    are selected. The seed micromorphology and anatomy of the perennial African species is studied. Compared to the seeds of some annual African    Sesuvium    investigated earlier, those of perennial species are smooth or slightly alveolate. The aril is one-layered and parenchymatous in all species and usually tightly covers the seed. The aril detachments from the seed coat that form a white stripe near the cotyledon area easily distinguish    S.   verrucosum    from other species under study.

Diagnostics, taxonomy, nomenclature and distribution of perennial Sesuvium ( Aizoaceae ) in Africa