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Circumscriptions of and relationships among many genera and suprageneric taxa of the diverse grass tribe   Poeae   remain controversial. In an attempt to clarify these, we conducted phylogenetic analyses of &gt;2400 new DNA sequences from two nuclear ribosomal regions ( ITS , including internal transcribed spacers 1 and 2 and the 5.8S gene, and the 3’-end of the external transcribed spacer ( ETS )) and five plastid regions ( matK ,  trnL–trnF ,  atpF–atpH ,  psbK–psbI ,  psbA–rps19–trnH ), and of more than 1000 new and previously published  ITS  sequences, focused particularly on   Poeae   chloroplast group 1 and including broad and increased species sampling compared to previous studies. Deep branches in the combined plastid and combined  ITS + ETS  trees are generally well resolved, the trees are congruent in most aspects, branch support across the trees is stronger than in trees based on only  ITS  and fewer plastid regions, and there is evidence of conflict between data partitions in some taxa. In plastid trees, a strongly supported clade corresponds to   Poeae   chloroplast group 1 and includes   Agrostidinae   p.p.,   Anthoxanthinae  ,   Aveninae   s.str.,   Brizinae  ,   Koeleriinae   (sometimes included in   Aveninae   s.l.),   Phalaridinae   and   Torreyochloinae  . In the  ITS + ETS  tree, a supported clade includes these same tribes as well as   Sesleriinae   and   Scolochloinae  .   Aveninae   s.str. and   Sesleriinae   are sister taxa and form a clade with   Koeleriinae   in the  ITS + ETS  tree whereas   Aveninae   s.str. and   Koeleriinae   form a clade and   Sesleriinae   is part of   Poeae   chloroplast group 2 in the plastid tree. All species of    Trisetum    are part of   Koeleriinae  , but the genus is polyphyletic.   Koeleriinae   is divided into two major subclades: one comprises    Avellinia   ,    Gaudinia   ,    Koeleria   ,    Rostraria   ,    Trisetaria    and    Trisetum    subg.Trisetum  , and the other    Calamagrostis   /   Deyeuxia    p.p. (multiple species from Mexico to South America),    Peyritschia   ,    Leptophyllochloa   ,    Sphenopholis   ,    Trisetopsis    and    Trisetum    subg.    Deschampsioidea  .   Graphephorum   ,    Trisetum   cernuum   ,    T.   irazuense    and    T.   macbridei    fall in different clades of   Koeleriinae   in plastid vs. nuclear ribosomal trees, and are likely of hybrid origin.  ITS  and  matK  trees identify a third lineage of   Koeleriinae   corresponding to   Trisetum   subsect.   Sibirica  , and affinities of    Lagurus   ovatus    with respect to   Aveninae   s.str. and   Koeleriinae   are incongruent in nuclear ribosomal and plastid trees, supporting recognition of    Lagurus    in its own subtribe. A large clade comprises taxa of   Agrostidinae  ,   Brizinae   and   Calothecinae  , but neither   Agrostidinae   nor   Calothecinae   are monophyletic as currently circumscribed and affinities of   Brizinae   differ in plastid and nuclear ribosomal trees. Within this clade, one newly identified lineage comprises    Calamagrostis   coarctata   ,    Dichelachne   ,    Echinopogon    (  Agrostidinae   p.p.) and    Relchela    (  Calothecinae   p.p.), and another comprises    Chascolytrum    (  Calothecinae   p.p.) and    Deyeuxia   effusa    (  Agrostidinae   p.p.). Within   Agrostidinae   p.p., the type species of    Deyeuxia    and    Calamagrostis    s.str. are closely related, supporting classification of    Deyeuxia    as a synonym of    Calamagrostis    s.str. Furthermore, the two species of    Ammophila    are not sister taxa and are nested among different groups of    Calamagrostis    s.str., supporting their classification in    Calamagrostis   .    Agrostis   ,    Lachnagrostis    and    Polypogon    form a clade and species of each are variously intermixed in plastid and nuclear ribosomal trees. Additionally, all but one species from South America classified in   Deyeuxia   sect.   Stylagrostis   resolve in   Holcinae   p.p. (   Deschampsia   ). The current phylogenetic results support recognition of the latter species in    Deschampsia   , and we also demonstrate    Scribneria    is part of this clade. Moreover,   Holcinae   is not monophyletic in its current circumscription because    Deschampsia    does not form a clade with    Holcus    and    Vahlodea   , which are sister taxa. The results support recognition of    Deschampsia    in its own subtribe   Aristaveninae  . Substantial further changes to the classification of these grasses will be needed to produce generic circumscriptions consistent with phylogenetic evidence. The following 15 new combinations are made:   Calamagrostis   ×   calammophila  ,    C.   breviligulata   ,   C.   breviligulata   subsp.   champlainensis  ,   C.   ×   don-hensonii  ,    Deschampsia   aurea   ,    D.   bolanderi   ,    D.   chrysantha   ,   D.   chrysantha   var.   phalaroides  ,    D.   eminens   ,   D.   eminens   var.   fulva  ,   D.   eminens   var.   inclusa  ,    D.   hackelii   ,    D.   ovata   , and    D.   ovata    var.nivalis  .   D.   podophora   ; the new name    Deschampsia   parodiana    is proposed; the new subtribe   Lagurinae   is described; and a second-step lectotype is designated for the name    Deyeuxia   phalaroides   .

phytokeys

Molecular phylogenetics of cool-season grasses in the subtribes   Agrostidinae  ,   Anthoxanthinae  ,   Aveninae  ,   Brizinae  ,   Calothecinae  ,   Koeleriinae   and   Phalaridinae   (  Poaceae  ,   Pooideae  ,   Poeae  ,   Poeae   chloroplast group 1)