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Glinus    is a small genus of   Molluginaceae   with 8–10 species mostly distributed in the tropics of the World. Its composition and evolutionary relationships were poorly studied. A new molecular phylogeny constructed here using nuclear (ITS) and chloroplast ( rbcL ,  trnK-matK ) markers confirmed the monophyly of the genus. Based on ITS analysis, the following well-supported lineages are present within    Glinus   : the    G.   bainesii    lineage is recovered as sister to the remainder of the genus followed by    G.   oppositifolius.    Three other clades are:    G.   hirtus    with    G.   orygioides   ;    G.   radiatus    and    G.   lotoides   ; the latter is represented by a sample from North America, and    G.   zambesiacus    as sister to    G.   setiflorus    +    G.   lotoides    +    G.   dictamnoides   . On the plastid gene tree,    G.   bainesii    +    G.   oppositifolius    form a sister clade to all other    Glinus    species. The next clade is formed by    G.   hirtus    and    G.   orygioides    followed by    G.   radiatus    plus an American sample of    G.   lotoides   . The next branch comprises    G.   setiflorus    as sister to    G.   zambesiacus    +    G.   lotoides    +    G.   dictamnoides   .    Glinus    seems to have originated from Africa around the Late Eocene or Early Miocene, with further radiations to Australia and the Americas during the Late Miocene or Late Pliocene. Compared with the previous limited character set used for the diagnostics, we have found ten new morphological and carpological traits distinguishing    Glinus    members. In both trees based on nuclear and plastid datasets, the major phylogenetic clades cannot be characterized by the peculiar morphological characters. Many shared character states leading to their contrasting pattern in the multivariate analysis model are interpreted as a high homoplasy in the phylogenetically distant species. We paid special attention to the composition of the genus in Sub-Saharan Africa, a region with the greatest species diversity. Our results provide new insight into the taxonomy of    Glinus    in this region.   Glinus   lotoides   var.   virens   accepted in many previous works is a synonym of    G.   dictamnoides    that is closely related to    G.   lotoides    based on molecular analysis and morphological characters. The status of the American populations of    G.   lotoides    needs further investigation due to different characters of the specimens from the Old and the New World. Many specimens previously identified as   G.   lotoides   var.   virens   and as the intermediates    G.   lotoides    ×    G.   oppositifolius    belong to    G.   zambesiacus    sp. nov.  and    G.   hirtus    comb. nov.  (≡    Mollugo   hirta   ); the latter species is resurrected from synonymy after 200 years of unacceptance. In some African treatments,    G.   hirtus    was known under the invalidly published name    G.   dahomensis   .    Glinus   zambesiacus    is distributed in the southern and eastern parts of tropical Africa, and    G.   hirtus    previously assumed to be endemic to West Africa is indeed a species with a wide distribution across the tropical part of the continent.    Glinus   microphyllus    previously accepted as endemic to West Tropical Africa together with other new synonyms (  G.   oppositifolius   var.   lanatus  ,    G.   herniarioides   ,    Wycliffea   rotundifolia   ) is considered here as   G.   oppositifolius   var.   keenanii   comb. nov.  (≡   Mollugo   hirta   var.   keenanii  ), a variety found across the entire distribution of    G.   oppositifolius    (Australia, Asia, and Africa). The presence of the American    G.   radiatus    in Africa is not confirmed, and all records of this species belong to    G.   hirtus   . The lectotypes of some names (   G.   dictamnoides   ,    G.   herniarioides   ,    Mollugo   hirta   ,    M.   setiflora   ,    Pharnaceum   pentagynum   ,    Wycliffea   ) as well as a neotype of    G.   trianthemoides    are designated. A new key to the identification of all    Glinus    species in Sub-Saharan Africa is provided. A checklist is given of all accepted species in this region (   G.   bainesii   ,    G.   hirtus   ,    G.   lotoides   ,    G.   oppositifolius    s.l.,    G.   setiflorus   , and    G.   zambesiacus   ) with their nomenclature, morphological description and geographical distribution.

phytokeys

Evolutionary relationships, biogeography and morphological characters of    Glinus    (  Molluginaceae  ), with special emphasis on the genus composition in Sub-Saharan Africa