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It has been controversial whether    Betula   tatewakiana   , a dwarf birch distributed in Hokkaido of northern Japan, is an endemic species or a synonym of    B.   ovalifolia    broadly distributed in northeast Asia. The endemic hypothesis is based on the idea that    B.   tatewakiana    is diploid while    B.   ovalifolia    is tetraploid and that they are separated based on the ploidy level; however, no chromosome data have actually been published before. Resolving the taxonomic problem is crucial also in judging the conservation priority of    B.   tatewakiana    in a global perspective. Our chromosome observation revealed that    B.   tatewakiana    is tetraploid as well as    B.   ovalifolia   . We also conducted morphological observations and clarified that    B.   tatewakiana    is morphologically identical to    B.   ovalifolia    in white hairs and dense resinous glands respectively on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, in which they differ from closely related species in the same section   Fruticosae  . We conclude that the hypothesis that    B.   tatewakiana    is a Hokkaido endemic based on the ploidy level is not supported and that    B.   tatewakiana    should be merged with    B.   ovalifolia   .

Merger of Betula tatewakiana ( Betulaceae ) from northern Japan with northeast Asian B. ovalifolia based on ploidy level