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Scorzonera    comprises 180–190 species and belongs to the subtribe   Scorzonerinae  . Its circumscription has long been the subject of debate and available molecular phylogenetic analyses affirmed the polyphyly of    Scorzonera    in its wide sense. We provide a re-evaluation of    Scorzonera    and other related genera, based on carpological (including anatomical) and extended molecular phylogenetic analyses. We present, for the first time, a comprehensive sampling, including    Scorzonera    in its widest sense and all other genera recognised in the   Scorzonerinae  . We conducted phylogenetic analyses using Maximum Parsimony, Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses, based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal ITS and of two plastid markers (partial  rbcL  and  matK ) and Maximum Parsimony for reconstructing the carpological character states at ancestral nodes. Achene characters, especially related to pericarp anatomy, such as general topography of the tissue types, disposition of the mechanical tissue and direction of its fibres, presence or absence of air cavities, provide, in certain cases, support for the phylogenetic lineages revealed. Confirming the polyphyly of    Scorzonera   , we propose a revised classification of the subtribe, accepting the genera    Scorzonera    (including four major clades:    Scorzonera    s. str.,    S.   purpurea   ,    S.   albicaulis    and    Podospermum   ),    Gelasia   ,    Lipschitzia    gen. nov.  (for the    Scorzonera   divaricata    clade),    Pseudopodospermum   ,    Pterachaenia    (also including    Scorzonera   codringtonii   ),    Ramaliella    gen. nov.  (for the    S.   polyclada    clade) and    Takhtajaniantha   . A key to the revised genera and a characterisation of the genera and major clades are provided.

phytokeys

Scorzonera    sensu lato (  Asteraceae  ,   Cichorieae  ) – taxonomic reassessment in the light of new molecular phylogenetic and carpological analyses