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The former   Chenopodium   subgen.   Blitum   and the genus    Monolepis    (  Chenopodioideae  ) are characterised in part by a reduced (0–4) number of perianth segments. According to recent molecular phylogenetic studies, these groups belong to the reinstated genera    Blitum    incl.    Monolepis    (tribe   Anserineae  ) and    Oxybasis    (tribe   Chenopodieae  ). However, key taxa such as    C.   antarcticum   ,    C.   exsuccum   ,    C.   litwinowii   ,   C.   foliosum   subsp.   montanum   and    Monolepis   spathulata    were not included and so their phylogenetic position within the   Chenopodioideae   remained equivocal. These species and additional samples of    Blitum   asiaticum    and    B.   nuttallianum    were incorporated into an expanded phylogenetic study based on nrDNA (ITS region) and cpDNA ( trnL-trnF  and  atpB-rbcL  intergenic spacers and  rbcL  gene). Our analyses confirm the placement of    C.   exsuccum   ,    C.   litwinowii    and   C.   foliosum   subsp.   montanum   within    Blitum    (currently recognised as    Blitum   petiolare   ,    B.   litwinowii    and   B.   virgatum   subsp.   montanum  , respectively); additionally,    C.   antarcticum   , currently known as    Oxybasis   antarctica   , is also placed within    Blitum    (reinstated here as    B.   antarcticum   ). Congruent with previous studies, two of the three accepted species of    Monolepis    – the type species    M.   trifida    (=    M.   nuttalliana   ) as well as    M.   asiatica    – are included in    Blitum   . The monotypic genus    Carocarpidium    described recently with the type    C.   californicum    is not accepted as it is placed within    Blitum    (reinstated here as    B.   californicum   ). To date, few reliable morphological characters have been proposed that consistently distinguish    Blitum    (incl. two    Monolepis    species) from morphologically similar    Oxybasis   ; however, two key differences are evident: (1) the presence of long-petiolate rosulate leaves in    Blitum    vs. their absence in    Oxybasis    and (2) a seed coat structure with the outer wall of the testa cells lacking stalactites (‘non-stalactite seed coat’) but with an obvious protoplast in    Blitum    vs. seed coat with the outer walls of the testa cells having stalactites (‘stalactite seed coat’) and a reduced protoplast in    Oxybasis   . Surprisingly, the newly sequenced North American    Monolepis   spathulata    nested within the tribe   Dysphanieae   (based on ITS and  trnL-trnF  +  rbcL  +  atpB-rbcL  analyses).The phylogenetic results, as well as presence of the stalactites in the outer cell walls of the testa and lack of the rosulate leaves, confirm the distinctive nature of    Monolepis   spathulata    from all    Blitum    and, therefore, the recent combination    Blitum   spathulatum    cannot be accepted. Indeed, the morphological and molecular distinctive nature of this species from all   Dysphanieae   supports its recognition as a new monotypic genus, named herein as    Neomonolepis    (type species:    N.   spathulata   ). The basionym name    Monolepis   spathulata    is also lectotypified on a specimen currently lodged at GH. Finally, while    Micromonolepis   pusilla    is confirmed as belonging to the tribe   Chenopodieae  , its position is not fully resolved. As this monotypic genus is morphologically divergent from    Chenopodium   , it is retained as distinct but it is acknowledged that further work is required to confirm its status.

phytokeys

Molecular phylogenetic data and seed coat anatomy resolve the generic position of some critical   Chenopodioideae   (  Chenopodiaceae   –   Amaranthaceae  ) with reduced perianth segments