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Invasive species represent a significant threat to native biodiversity. The Himalayan Balsam    Impatiens   glandulifera    is an annual plant, which is invasive in Europe and often inhabits the riparian zone. It produces several secondary metabolites causing, for example, growth inhibition of terrestrial plants and invertebrates. One of these metabolites is the quinone 2-methoxy-1,4-naphthoquinone ( 2-MNQ ). The compound gets washed out from the above-ground parts of the plant during precipitation and may then leach into nearby waterbodies. Despite some evidence for the allelopathic effect of plant secondary metabolites on terrestrial invertebrates, little is known about how  2-MNQ  affects the survival or development of aquatic dipteran larvae, despite the importance of this functional group in European freshwaters. Here, we investigated the effects of  2-MNQ  on larvae of the river keystone species    Chironomus   riparius    in acute and chronic scenarios. The toxicity of  2-MNQ  towards the first and the fourth larval stage was determined in a 48-hour acute exposure assay. We show that  2-MNQ  has a negative impact on the development, growth and survival of    C.   riparius   . The LC 50  of  2-MNQ  was 3.19 mg/l for the first instar and 2.09 mg/l for the fourth instar. A ten-day chronic exposure experiment, where the water was spiked with  2-MNQ , revealed that  2-MNQ  had a significantly negative impact on larval body size, head capsule size, body weight, development and survival. These results demonstrate the negative impact of the secondary metabolite  2-MNQ  from the terrestrial plant    I.   glandulifera    on a crucial macroinvertebrate inhabiting the adjacent stream ecosystem in riverine ecosystems. This may lead to a decline in population size, resulting in cascading effects on the food web.

neobiota

﻿Riparian invader: A secondary metabolite of    Impatiens   glandulifera    impairs the development of the freshwater invertebrate key species    Chironomus   riparius

﻿Riparian invader: A secondary metabolite of Impatiens glandulifera impairs the development of the freshwater invertebrate key species Chironomus riparius

Riparian invader: A secondary metabolite of Impatiens glandulifera impairs the development of the freshwater invertebrate key species Chironomus riparius