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Plant soil feedback ( PSF ) occurs when a plant modifies soil biotic properties and those changes in turn influence plant growth, survival or reproduction. These feedback effects are not well understood as mechanisms for invasive plant species.    Eragrostis   lehmanniana    is an invasive species that has extensively colonized the southwest US. To address how  PSFs  may affect    E.   lehmanniana    invasion and native    Bouteloua   gracilis    growth, soil inoculant from four sites of known invasion age at the Appleton-Whittell Audubon Research Ranch in Sonoita,  AZ  were used in a  PSF  greenhouse study, incorporating a replacement series design. The purpose of this research was to evaluate  PSF  conspecific and heterospecific effects and competition outcomes between the invasive    E.   lehmanniana    and a native forage grass,    Bouteloua   gracilis   .    Eragrostis   lehmanniana    PSFs  were beneficial to    B.   gracilis    if developed in previously invaded soil. Plant-soil feedback contributed to competitive suppression of    B.   gracilis    only in the highest ratio of    E.   lehmanniana    to    B.   gracilis   . Plant-soil feedback did not provide an advantage to    E.   lehmanniana    in competitive interactions with    B.   gracilis    at low competition levels but were advantageous to    E.   lehmanniana    at the highest competition ratio, indicating a possible density-dependent effect. Despite being beneficial to    B.   gracilis    under many conditions,    E.   lehmanniana    was the superior competitor.

Invasive plant benefits a native plant through plant-soil feedback but remains the superior competitor