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Sirex   noctilio    is an invasive woodwasp that, along with its symbiotic fungus, has killed pine trees (   Pinus    spp.) in North America and in numerous countries in the Southern Hemisphere. We tested a biological control agent in North America that has successfully controlled    S.   noctilio    in Oceania, South Africa, and South America.    Deladenus   siricidicola    nematodes feed on the symbiotic white rot fungus    Amylostereum   areolatum    and can switch to being parasitic on    S.   noctilio   . When parasitic, the Kamona nematode strain can sterilise the eggs of    S.   noctilio    females. However, in North America, a different strain of    D.   siricidicola    ( NA ), presumably introduced along with the woodwasp, parasitises but does not sterilise    S.   noctilio   . We tested the sterilising Kamona biological control strain of    D.   siricidicola    against    S.   noctilio    in North America. Interactions between the biological control strain and the  NA  strain could include competitive exclusion, co-infection within hosts or hybridisation. We reared    D.   siricidicola    Kamona on an    A.   areolatum    strain native to North America (IGS- BE ) and another strain (IGS- BDF ) used commercially to mass-produce the nematode in Australia. We inoculated Kamona reared on either strain of    A.   areolatum    into logs infested with    S.   noctilio    larvae and compared parasitism rates against control logs. Individual nematodes were isolated from    S.   noctilio    hemocoels and from sterilised eggs and were genotyped with eight microsatellite loci. A high rate of parasitisation of    S.   noctilio    by    D.   siricidicola    NA  was found for all treatments and we found evidence of both co-infection and hybridisation. Surprisingly, sterilisation rates were not related to the rates of parasitisation by    D.   siricidicola    Kamona.

neobiota

Efficacy of Kamona strain    Deladenus   siricidicola    nematodes for biological control of    Sirex   noctilio    in North America and hybridisation with invasive conspecifics