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Ungulate–vehicle collisions are intensively studied in many countries. However, limited knowledge exists on how many animals struck actually die due to collisions and whether differences in traffic mortality occur between species living in the same area. In this study, we estimated a kill rate (the proportion of individuals killed/struck) and, in relation to their winter population sizes, the collision and traffic mortality rates for four ungulate species (moose    Alces   alces   , white-tailed deer    Odocoileus   virginianus   , roe deer    Capreolus   capreolus   , and fallow deer    Dama   dama   ). We used an unofficial collision register collected between 2001 and 2012 (a total of 12 years) by voluntary hunters from the Hyvinkää Game Management Area (323 km 2 ) located in southern Finland. The population estimates used were based on annual snow track censuses. A total of 497 ungulates were involved in collisions during the study period. Of these, 76% were killed directly or put down afterwards. Roe deer had the highest kill rate; 95% of struck individuals died. White-tailed deer had the highest collision and traffic mortality rates (8.0% and 6.5% of the winter population, respectively), followed by moose (6.5 % and 4.5%), roe deer (3.9% and 3.7%), and fallow deer (3.2% and 2.1%). As we found the collision and traffic mortality rates to be unequal between species, we recommend separately reporting all ungulate species when compiling collision statistics. We additionally suggest that local managers should be aware of ungulate collision and traffic mortality rates in their areas and should use this knowledge when planning annual harvest.

Traffic mortality of four ungulate species in southern Finland