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In this study,    Pseudosperma   arenarium    is proposed as a new species, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence. The new species grows on sandy ground under    Populus    and    Pinus   sylvestris    in north-western China and northern Europe, respectively. It is characterised by the combination of the robust habit, nearly glabrous pileus, large cylindrical basidiospores, thin-walled cheilocystidia and ecological associations with    Populus   alba    ×    P.   berolinensis    and    Pinus   sylvestris    and unique phylogenetic placement. Additionally, a comprehensive toxin determination of the new species using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was conducted. Results showed that it was a muscarine-positive species. The content were approximately five times higher in the pilei [4012.2 ± 803.1–4302.3 ± 863.2 mg/kg ( k  = 2,  p  = 95%)] than in the stipes [850.4 ± 171.1–929.1 ± 184.2 mg/kg ( k  = 2,  p  = 95%)], demonstrating the severity of mushroom poisoning when patients consumed different parts of the poisonous mushroom. Amatoxins, phallotoxins, ibotenic acid, muscimol, psilocybin and psilocin were not detected.

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﻿    Pseudosperma   arenarium    (  Inocybaceae  ), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence

﻿ Pseudosperma arenarium ( Inocybaceae ), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence

Pseudosperma arenarium ( Inocybaceae ), a new poisonous species from Eurasia, based on morphological, ecological, molecular and biochemical evidence