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To evaluate the importance of morphological and chemical characters used in the recognition of species within the    Parmelia   omphalodes    group, we performed phylogenetic, morphological and chemical analyses of 335 specimens, of which 34 were used for molecular analyses. Phylogenetic analyses, based on  ITS rDNA  sequences, show that    P.   pinnatifida    is distinct from    P.   omphalodes    and the most important difference between those species is the development of pseudocyphellae. In    P.   pinnatifida   , they are mostly marginal and form white rims along lobes margins, but laminal pseudocyphellae can develop in older parts of thalli and are predominantly connected with marginal pseudocyphellae. In contrast, in    P.   omphalodes    laminal pseudocyphellae are common and are predominantly not connected to marginal pseudocyphellae. Chemical composition of secondary lichen metabolites in both analysed species is identical and therefore this feature is not diagnostic in species recognition. Few samples of    P.   discordans   , species morphologically similar to    P.   omphalodes    and    P.   pinnatifida   , were also included in the analyses and they are nested within the clade of    P.   omphalodes   , despite the different chemistry (protocetraric acid present versus salazinic acid in    P.   omphalodes   ). All taxa of the    P.   omphalodes    group occupy similar niches, but their potential distributions are wider than those currently known. The absence of specimens in some localities may be limited by the photobiont availability.    Parmelia   omphalodes    and    P.   pinnatifida    are moderately selective in photobiont choice as they form associations with at least two or three lineages of    Trebouxia    clade S.    Parmelia   pinnatifida   , as well as    P.   discordans    are associated with    Trebouxia    OTU S02 which seems to have a broad ecological amplitude. Other lineages of    Trebouxia    seem to be rarer, especially    Trebouxia    sp. OTU S04, which is sometimes present in    P.   pinnatifida   . This study indicates the importance of extensive research including morphology, chemistry and analysis of molecular markers of both bionts in taxonomical studies of lichens.

mycokeys

Morphology and secondary chemistry in species recognition of    Parmelia   omphalodes    group – evidence from molecular data with notes on the ecological niche modelling and genetic variability of photobionts