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Escovopsis    (  Ascomycota  :   Hypocreales  ,   Hypocreaceae  ) is the only known parasite of the mutualistic fungi cultivated by fungus-growing ants (  Formicidae  :   Myrmicinae  :   Attini  : Attina, the “attines”). Despite its ecological role, the taxonomy and systematics of    Escovopsis    have been poorly addressed. Here, based on morphological and phylogenetic analyses with three molecular markers (internal transcribed spacer, large subunit ribosomal RNA and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha), we describe    Escovopsis   clavatus    and    E.   multiformis    as new species isolated from fungus gardens of    Apterostigma    ant species. Our analysis shows that    E.   clavatus    and    E.   multiformis    belong to the most derived    Escovopsis    clade, whose main character is the presence of conidiophores with vesicles. Nevertheless, the most outstanding feature of both new species is the presence of a swollen region in the central hypha of the conidiophore named swollen cell, which is absent in all previously described    Escovopsis    species. The less derived    Escovopsis    clades lack vesicles and their phylogenetic position within the   Hypocreaceae   still remains unclear. Considering the high genetic diversity in    Escovopsis   , the description of these new species adds barely two pieces to a huge taxonomic puzzle; however, this discovery is an important piece for building the systematics of this group of fungi.

More pieces to a huge puzzle: Two new Escovopsis species from fungus gardens of attine ants