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Background : Environment and geographic processes affect species’ distributions as well as evolutionary processes, such as clade diversification. Estimating the time of origin and diversification of organisms helps us understand how climate fluctuations in the past might have influenced the diversification and present distribution of species. Complementing divergence dating with character evolution could indicate how key innovations have facilitated the diversification of species.Methods : We estimated the divergence times within the newly recognised subfamily   Protoparmelioideae   (  Ascomycota  ) using a multilocus dataset to assess the temporal context of diversification events. We reconstructed ancestral habitats and substrate using a species tree generated in *Beast.Results : We found that the diversification in   Protoparmelioideae   occurred during the Miocene and that the diversification events in the tropical clade    Maronina    predate those of the extratropical    Protoparmelia   . Character reconstructions suggest that the ancestor of   Protoparmelioideae   was most probably a rock-dwelling lichen inhabiting temperate environments.Conclusions : Major diversification within the subtropical/tropical genus    Maronina    occurred between the Paleocene and Miocene whereas the diversifications within the montane, arctic/temperate genus    Protoparmelia    occurred much more recently, i.e. in the Miocene.

Different diversification histories in tropical and temperate lineages in the ascomycete subfamily Protoparmelioideae ( Parmeliaceae )