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The   Ophiostomatales   is an Ascomycete order of fungi that accommodates several tree pathogens and many species that degrade wood. These fungi are commonly vectored by Scolytine bark and ambrosia beetles. In recent years it has also been shown that hyperphoretic mites on these beetles can vector some   Ophiostomatales  . Little is known regarding the   Ophiostomatales   in China and we have consequently explored the diversity of these fungi associated with conifer-infesting beetles and mites in Yunnan province. Galleries and beetles were collected for 17 beetle species, while 13 mite species were obtained from six of these beetle species. Collectively, 340 fungal isolates were obtained, 45 from beetles, 184 from mites, 56 from galleries and 55 isolates where the specific niche was not clear. DNA sequences for five gene regions ( ITS ,  LSU , BT,  EF , and  CAL ) were determined for fungal isolates representing different morphological groups. Phylogenetic analyses confirmed the presence of 19 fungal taxa, including five novel species described here as    Ophiostoma   acarorum    sp. nov. ,    Ophiostoma   brevipilosi    sp. nov. ,    Graphilbum   kesiyae    sp. nov. ,    Graphilbum   puerense    sp. nov. , and    Leptographium   ningerense    sp. nov.    Ophiostoma   ips    was the most frequently isolated species, representing approximately 31% of all isolates. Six of 19 taxa were present on mites, beetles and in the galleries of the beetles, while three species were found on mites and galleries. Two species were found only on mites and one species only on a beetle. Although the numbers of beetles and mites were insufficient to provide statistical inferences, this study confirmed that mites are important vectors of the   Ophiostomatales   in China. We hypothesize that these mites are most likely responsible for horizontal transfer of fungal species between galleries of different beetle species. The fact that half of the fungal species found were new to science, suggests that the forests of east Asia include many undescribed   Ophiostomatales   yet to be discovered.

Ophiostomatoid fungi associated with conifer-infesting beetles and their phoretic mites in Yunnan, China