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Insects have evolved complex receptor organs for the major sensory modalities. For the sense of hearing, the tympanal organ of   Tettigoniidae   (bush crickets or katydids) shows remarkable convergence to vertebrate hearing by impedance conversion and tonotopic frequency analysis. The main auditory receptors are scolopidial sensilla in the  crista acustica . Morphological studies established that the numbers of auditory sensilla are species-specific. However, the factors determining the specific number of auditory sensilla are not well understood. This review provides an overview of the functional organization of the auditory organ in   Tettigoniidae  , including the diversification of the  crista acustica  sensilla, a list of species with the numbers of auditory sensilla, and a discussion of evolutionary forces affecting the number of sensilla in the  crista acustica  and their sensitivity. While all species of   Tettigoniidae   studied so far have a  crista acustica , the number of sensilla varies on average from 15–116. While the relative differences or divergence in sensillum numbers may be explained by adaptive or regressive changes, it is more difficult to explain a specific number of sensilla in the  crista acustica  of a specific species (like for the model species    Ancistrura   nigrovittata   ,    Copiphora   gorgonensis   ,    Gampsocleis   gratiosa   ,    Mecopoda   elongata   ,    Requena   verticalis   , or    Tettigonia   viridissima   ): sexual and natural selection as well as allometric relationships have been identified as key factors influencing the number of sensilla. Sexual selection affects the number of auditory sensilla in the  crista acustica  by the communication system and call patterns. Further, positive allometric relationships indicate positive selection for certain traits. Loss of selection leads to evolutionary regression of the auditory system and reduced number of auditory sensilla. This diversity in the auditory sensilla can be best addressed by comparative studies reconstructing adaptive or regressive changes in the  crista acustica .

journal of orthoptera research

What determines the number of auditory sensilla in the tympanal hearing organs of   Tettigoniidae  ? Perspectives from comparative neuroanatomy and evolutionary forces