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Thyridanthrax   fenestratus    (Fallén, 1814) is a bombyliid with poorly understood biology. It was recently shown to locally but frequently parasitize    Pemphredon   fabricii    (M. Müller, 1911) (  Hymenoptera  :   Crabronidae  ), a crabronid wasp that abundantly nests in old    Lipara   -induced galls on the common reed    Phragmites   australis    (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud., 1840. The parasitism modes in   Bombyliidae   and    Thyridanthrax    spp. are not uniform. Here, we report that    Th.   fenestratus    switches facultatively between killing the host almost immediately (idiobiont strategy) and killing the host at a later developmental stage (koinobiont strategy). We document the koinobiont parasitoid strategy for a series of    Th.   fenestratus    larvae parasitizing    P.   fabricii   . We found that a significant portion of    Th.   fenestratus    larvae spend winter as young larvae and start feeding on fully developed and defecated prepupae of    P.   fabricii    only after the end of cold-induced winter diapause. The time needed for the development of    Th.   fenestratus    larvae exceeds several times the time needed for pupation of    P.   fabricii    prepupae; the parasitized prepupae, therefore, remain paralyzed until the parasitic larva completes feeding. Fungicides, which alter the pupation of the host larva, seem to have negligible effects on    Th.   fenestratus    larvae. The ability to switch between the two parasitism strategies has already been reported for several    Anthrax    spp., though the ability to block the host in the defecated prepupa stage and prevent its pupation following cold-induced diapause is herein reported for the first time.

﻿Rearing Thyridanthrax fenestratus ( Diptera , Bombyliidae ) on Pemphredon fabricii ( Hymenoptera , Crabronidae ) prepupae

Rearing Thyridanthrax fenestratus ( Diptera , Bombyliidae ) on Pemphredon fabricii ( Hymenoptera , Crabronidae ) prepupae