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tingless bees (  Hymenoptera  ,   Meliponini  ) are a large and diverse group including 59 extant groups, representing the main pollinators of Amazon forests. Among those,    Trigona    is one of the largest endemic genera of Neotropical   Meliponini  . In this work, we updated the molecular phylogeny of    Trigona    proposed by  Rasmussen and Camargo (2008) , including data from 59 new specimens collected in 2020 in the forests of northern Peru, through a multigene phylogenetic approach combining sequences from four gene fragments ( 16S , ArgK, EF-1a, opsin). Our results confirmed the monophyly of    Trigona    and of all proposed subgenera, except    Aphaneura   . In addition, most    Trigona    species-groups resulted monophyletic but the ‘spinipes   ’ and ‘pallens   ’ groups appeared paraphyletic and polyphyletic, respectively. Moreover, the cohesion of the “fulviventris   ” species group was hindered by the inclusion of    T.   williana    (previously included in the “pallens   ” group) within this clade. Finally, we provided further evidence for a subdivision into two (geographically) distinct clades within    T.   guianae    in northern Peruvian Amazon, which highlighted the importance of Neotropical biogeographical barriers in   Meliponini   divergence and evolution. Finally, to avoid misidentifications of    Trigona    specimens, the need for a robust taxonomic revision based on a cladistic approach of the whole genus is discussed.

﻿An updated molecular phylogeny of the stingless bees of the genus Trigona ( Hymenoptera , Meliponini ) of the northern Peruvian forests

An updated molecular phylogeny of the stingless bees of the genus Trigona ( Hymenoptera , Meliponini ) of the northern Peruvian forests