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Paraulax    Kieffer and    Cecinothofagus    Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Liljeblad (  Cynipidae  :   Paraulacini  ) were long supposed to be gall-makers on southern beeches (   Nothofagus   ,   Nothofagaceae  ). Dissections of galls on    Nothofagus    Blume, suggested that    Cecinothofagus    could be instead either endoparasitoid or inquiline of    Aditrochus    larva (  Chalcidoidea  ). We sequenced the universal  COI  barcode and Ultra-Conserved Elements ( UCEs ) from young larvae of    Aditrochus    collected from galls on    Nothofagus    and highlighted that one of them also contained DNA from    Cecinothofagus   ibarrai    Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Liljeblad. So far, when galls attributed to    Aditrochus    were dissected in early development stages they all contained only a single larva and no remains of other larvae. Conversely, when    Cecinothofagus   ibarrai    was reared from galls on    Nothofagus   , remains of the host larva were observed inside the larval chamber. Altogether, biological observations and molecular results suggest that    Cecinothofagus   ibarrai    is likely an endoparasitoid of    Adritrochus   . This result confirms the tribe   Paraulacini   as being entomophagous and supports the hypothesis of an ancestral parasitoid lifestyle for   Cynipoidea  .

journal of hymenoptera research

﻿   Cecinothofagus    Nieves-Aldrey &amp; Liljeblad (  Hymenoptera  ,   Cynipidae  ) is likely an endoparasitoid of the gall-maker genus    Aditrochus    Rübsaamen (  Hymenoptera  ,   Pteromalidae  )

﻿ Cecinothofagus Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad ( Hymenoptera , Cynipidae ) is likely an endoparasitoid of the gall-maker genus Aditrochus Rübsaamen ( Hymenoptera , Pteromalidae )

Cecinothofagus Nieves-Aldrey & Liljeblad ( Hymenoptera , Cynipidae ) is likely an endoparasitoid of the gall-maker genus Aditrochus Rübsaamen ( Hymenoptera , Pteromalidae )